American Elderberry

The American elderberry (Sambucus canadensis) is a fast-growing, deciduous shrub native to a large portion of North America. It is a highly valued plant for its ornamental qualities, edible flowers and berries, and ability to attract wildlife.

Key Characteristics

• Growth Habit: It is a multi-stemmed shrub that can reach heights of 5 to 12 feet, often forming thickets due to its spreading rhizomes. The branches are arching, creating a loose and graceful form.
• Foliage: The leaves are oppositely arranged and pinnately compound, meaning they are divided into several smaller leaflets, typically 5 to 11 per leaf.
• Flowers: In late spring to early summer, the plant produces large, flat-topped clusters of tiny, fragrant, creamy-white flowers. These clusters can be quite showy and are a magnet for bees and other pollinators. The flowers are edible and are used to make things like fritters, teas, and cordials.
• Berries: After the flowers fade, they are replaced by drooping clusters of small, dark purple to black berries (technically drupes). These berries are a favorite food for birds and can be used to make jellies, jams, pies, and wine.
• Hardiness: American elderberry is very hardy and can be grown in USDA Hardiness Zones 3 through 9.

Growing and Care

American elderberry is a relatively easy plant to grow and can adapt to a variety of conditions, but it performs best when its needs are met.

• Sunlight: It grows well in full sun to partial shade. For the best flower and fruit production, full sun is recommended.
• Soil: It prefers moist, well-draining soil that is rich in organic matter. It can tolerate a wide range of soil types, including wet soils, but it does not do well in standing water, which can cause root rot. A neutral to slightly acidic pH is ideal.
• Watering: American elderberry loves moisture. Water regularly, especially during dry periods, as the plant’s shallow roots are susceptible to drought stress.
• Pruning: Pruning is not strictly necessary but can be beneficial. In late winter or early spring, you can remove any dead, damaged, or diseased canes. You can also prune back older, unproductive stems to the ground to encourage new, more vigorous growth.
• Fertilizer: Fertilizing is not always necessary, especially in rich soil. If your soil is poor, you can apply a balanced fertilizer lightly in the spring.

Important Note on Toxicity

While the flowers and ripe, cooked berries of the American elderberry are edible, it is very important to note that the leaves, stems, roots, and unripe berries are toxic. They contain cyanogenic glycosides and alkaloids that can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea if ingested. Always cook the berries and strain out the seeds before consumption.